(1) The issuer is the borrower, also known as the debtor. It raises the funds it needs by issuing international bonds.
(2) Investors, those who purchase bonds, are also called creditors. It makes money by buying international bonds.
(3) The main organizer, that is, the main organizer of the issuance of international bonds, is usually a well-known investment bank or securities company. The responsibility of the chief officer is to be entrusted by the bond issuer to organize and arrange the issuance of bonds. At the same time, it also selects several financial institutions to form a chief officer group to jointly discuss bond issuance matters.
(4) Offtake group, that is, an intermediary organized by key officials to sell bonds to the general public. Generally, dozens of financial institutions participate in the offtake group. If there is a surplus after the bonds are sold, each offtaker in the offtake group is obliged to buy the unsold bonds within the amount of their own offtake.
(5) Sales group, that is, an intermediary organized by key officials to sell bonds to the general public. Generally, dozens of financial institutions participate in the sales group, but the sales group generally does not assume the responsibility for purchasing bonds that cannot be sold.
(6) Trustee institution, that is, a financial institution entrusted by bond issuers and investors to handle bond issuance matters.
(7) Registration agency, that is, the agency that registers bonds in the hands of investors, is generally a financial institution.
(8) Payment agency, that is, a financial institution that helps the issuer repay the principal and interest of the bond.
(9) Lawyers provide legal advice to issuers and help draft various legal documents.
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